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    International trade in services facing the current global challenges
    (INCE, ASEM, 2024) Ilie, Georgeta
    This paper examines the current global trends in trade in services, considering the increasing international challenges during the post-pandemic recovery process and the progress in the implementation of new technologies in service business industries. In the first part of our research, the major role of services in the global economy is highlighted, through the main indicators (value added of GDP, trade in services of GDP and employment), under the impact of the last three decades influencing factors. The results of our research show that the outlook for global services trade will be influenced, on the one hand, by the persistence of general uncertainty and the increasing fragmentation of the world economy, given the current global geopolitical tensions, and on the other hand, by continuously developing of new business models based on digitally traded services and increasing the use of smart technologies. The last part of our analysis is dedicated to a case study with particular evidence related to recent developments in trade in services in Romania, revealed by the specific services development indicators. Aspects related to Romania's progress in aligning with the current trends of intensive implementation of new technologies in service industries are also included. The future trends in services trade in Romania tend to be strongly linked to international trends, but also to its national policies, focused on the competitiveness of service exports intensive in new technologies and high-skilled human capital.
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    The resilience of the russian economy under the current geopolitical outlook
    (INCE, ASEM, 2024) Dragoi, Andreea-Emanuela
    Despite the widespread consequences of the Russian-Ukrainian war and the unprecedented international sanctions imposed by the EU, USA, and other Western economies, the Russian Federation's economy has demonstrated surprising resilience. This research examines the key drivers that have sustained the Russian economy and how the current economic climate has influenced its international cooperation. We utilize a mixed methodology that combines a literature review with quantitative analyses of international trade and foreign direct investment (FDI). Our findings reveal that while the sanctions initially had a severe impact, increased energy exports have since boosted economic growth, and legal initiatives have helped mitigate the decline in FDI.
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    Особенности развития инфраструктуры поддержки предпринимательства на уровне муниципалитетов
    (INCE, ASEM, 2024) Левитская, Алла
    The dynamics of business support infrastructure development in the Republic of Moldova over the past years assessed as positive. However, it is necessary to implement a number of measures that influence the development of the innovative entrepreneurship culture and improve the business environment. One of the subjects of business development infrastructure that has effectively proven itself in international practice is regional (territorial) business centers, which provide the creation of a physical favorable environment that stimulates support for the enterprises creation and networking development between innovation-oriented entrepreneurs and business service providers. The use of quantitative research methods allowed us to conduct a statistical analysis of the main indicators of economic development of the Comrat municipality. The article presents the results of the research on the need to develop tools and structures to support innovative business, which were formed on the basis of a survey of representatives of local public authorities, small and medium-sized enterprises, and business service providers in the Comrat municipality. An analysis of the distribution of existing business service providers by the main areas of assistance provided indicates the presence of the following "gaps": the lack of physical infrastructure and consulting tools for start-up businesses, a low level of promotion of public opinion on entrepreneurial culture and protection of intellectual property. The article proposes options for the organizational structure and financing of activities, indicators for measuring and tracking the effectiveness of the future regional business center.
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    Милитаризация социально-экономического развития на глобальном и локально-глобальном уровнях: в контексте его цикличности и устойчивости
    (INCE, ASEM, 2024) Подлесная, Василиса
    The research relevance is associated with the present strengthening of militarization at the global and local-global levels. Crisis-militaristic stage 2020– 2050 is an integral part of the existing long cycles of world politics, hegemony cycles, systemic cycles of capital accumulation, as well as Kondratieff cycles. The research purpose is to substantiate the role of militarization at the global and local-global levels in the process of socio-economic development as a cyclical change of relative stability periods with periods of loss of geopolitical stability, high uncertainty and immersion in crisis-militaristic instability. In our research we applied primarily logical and historical methods, as well as dialectical ascent from the abstract to the concrete, including general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis. The main results of the study are as follows: during the crisis-militaristic phases of global cycles, the geopolitical system of global capitalism is plunged into the strongest instability, however, it is precisely at this time that the foundations are being created to overcome the crisis of the geopolitical system and return to the trajectory of sustainable development; since the second half of the ХХ century, partial resolution of geopolitical contradictions occurs through diplomacy tools or local-global wars; the local-global conflicts taking place today initiate militarization on a global and local-global scale; so far, a trend of steady growth of global military spending has already formed; during the crisis-militaristic phases of global and local-global cycles, a militarized society of a mobilization nature is formed.
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    Integrarea socioeconomică a refugiaților ucraineni în Republica Moldova
    (INCE, ASEM, 2024) Cotelnic, Valentina; Poalelungi, Olga
    This article analysed the challenges and opportunities created by the socioeconomic integration of Ukrainian refugees in the Republic of Moldova. Based on the data of the Government of the Republic of Moldova and the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), it is estimated that over a million Ukrainian refugees have transited our country to other European destinations, and over a hundred thousand have temporarily settled in Moldova. This fact required a dedicated and prompt effort from the Republic of Moldova authorities and international organisations to integrate refugees into the Moldovan society. The social and economic integration of Ukrainian refugees in the Republic of Moldova is a complex process involving a series of challenges and opportunities for refugees and host communities. The Republic of Moldova, despite its limited resources, responded promptly to these challenges through various initiatives and programs to support refugees. Continued efforts have focused on long-term integration, emphasizing employment, involvement in education and inclusion in society. Based on the studied data, some recommendations are proposed to facilitate the integration of refugees.
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    Contribuția principalelor cauze de deces în schimbarea speranței de viață în Moldova
    (INCE, ASEM, 2024) Stirba, Vitalie
    Life expectancy in Moldova is registering similar to regional and post-soviet countries trends, with moderate annual growth and a pronounced divergence compared to states with the lowest mortality. Between 2019 and 2023, despite the significant mortality increase during the COVID-19 pandemic, life expectancy grew by 0.8 years in males and 1.3 years in females. This resulted from the transformation of the mortality structure influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic, health system improvements, and population health policies implemented. During the analysed period, a visible decline in mortality from diseases of the circulatory system, cancer, external causes of death, and diseases of the digestive system was emphasised. The prospective mortality decline could result based on previously implemented population health policies but also from the favourable cohort effect when ageing generations have avoided exposure to risk factors that contribute to the development of premature chronic diseases.
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    Dinamica mortalității premature din perspectiva abordărilor și indicatorilor statistici diferiț
    (INCE, ASEM, 2024) Pahomii, Irina
    The evolution of premature mortality represents a critical indicator of population health and social development, with profound implications for economic sustainability and the capacity of health systems to effectively respond to demographic needs. This article aims to analyse the dynamics of premature mortality from 2000 to 2019 through two methodological approaches – traditional and alternative/dynamic. To achieve the proposed aim, traditional indicators – the share of premature deaths based on a predetermined age threshold – and alternative indicators – lifespan disparity and the derived age threshold that divides deaths into premature and late – were calculated. All the indicators used in this analysis highlighted a clear trend of reducing premature mortality for both sexes while also showing discrepancies between males and females. Both the share of premature deaths up to the age threshold of 65 and the indicator regarding lifespan disparity, and subsequently the threshold derived from it, clearly point to a periodisation of premature mortality over the analysed time horizon – a period of growth/stagnation between 2000-2010 and then a period of constant reduction in premature mortality from 2011-2019. The comparison of the results obtained based on the share of premature deaths and the dynamic age threshold, which separates premature deaths from "late" ones, highlights the limitations of using a fixed and uniform threshold for both sexes. The age threshold of 65 has long been exceeded for females, whereas for males, it is only beginning to be reached. In conclusion, both approaches provide a perspective on premature mortality, and using one or the other depends on the context and the scientific or practical interest guiding them.
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    Modele și practici internaționale aplicate în managementul migrației
    (INCE, ASEM, 2024) Tabac, Tatiana
    This paper examines international and European models and practices applied in migration management. The findings demonstrate that in France, the assimilation model, based on the principle of jus soli, promotes cultural homogeneity and national identity while addressing significant demographic issues. Germany applies a segregation model grounded in the principle of jus sanguinis, which emphasizes ethnic criteria. In contrast, the United Kingdom promotes a pluralistic approach to migration management, encouraging the harmonious coexistence of different cultural and ethnic groups within a diverse society. The adaptation model for migration flows, used by several countries in the European region, assumes that migrants adjust their behaviours, values, and norms to conform to the host society while preserving their ethnic and cultural identity. In Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, hybrid models are applied, combining interventionist approaches with the selection of migrants based on their human capital. Although the European Union has established a common framework for migration management across member states, national migration policies remain divergent, and the implementation of EU directives and regulations is often fragmented and insufficient. On the international level, a comprehensive intergovernmental agreement, the Global Compact for Migration, has been adopted to address all dimensions of international migration, aiming to ensure safe, orderly, and regulated migration. In conclusion, the author emphasizes that given that the Republic of Moldova is in the process of negotiating its integration into the European Union, adjusting the national legislative and regulatory framework to European standards will be a necessary measure for effective migration management.
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    Imigrarea pentru reîntregirea familiei în Republica Moldova: evaluare și provocări ale politicilor de integrare
    (INCE, ASEM, 2024) Poalelungi, Olga
    The article presents the results of the research on the integration of foreigners immigrated to the Republic of Moldova during the last three decades (1993-2024) for the purpose of family reunification. Economic, socio-cultural, educational integration is a necessary condition for their social inclusion and ensuring cohesion in the host society. The policies/measures offered by the state for the integration of foreigners during the respective period and their correlation with the EU Directives were examined. Analysis and correlation with data from statistical and administrative sources allowed the estimation of foreigners present in the country, including the dynamics of immigration of foreigners for the purpose of family reunification, their profile according to family status, gender, age, country of origin, education level, but also the proportion those included in the individual integration programs. The basic findings indicate that, despite the legal framework that provides sufficient opportunities for integration (according to the MIPEX indicators, the country is evaluated as a "semi-favorable" country for the integration of foreigners), the actual integration processes of foreigners are not very effective. The authorities do not have a series of statistical indicators necessary for monitoring the promoted measures, the lack of necessary funds for activities targeted at certain categories of people, the inconsistency in the promoted policies is attested. Proposals were made regarding the implementation of more complex measures related to the integration of foreigners within reunited families, with special emphasis on the integration of children and women.
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    Accesul migranților moldoveni la pensii după experiențele de muncă din Italia: specific și tendințe
    (INCE, ASEM, 2024) Deleu, Ecaterina
    The aim of this study is to analyze the situation regarding the access of Moldovan migrants who returned to their country of origin to pensions in Italy after several years of work and a contribution period in the country of migration. The topic of ageing is a current issue for migrants, the number of those arriving at the retirement age is constantly increasing. Some solutions are stipulated in the bilateral agreements regarding social security, signed in the last 20 years by the Republic of Moldova with other countries where there are Moldovan citizens. The first dossiers of pensions from Italy for Moldovan citizens returned to the Republic of Moldova were completed in 2010-2011, and the contribution period was 7-10 years. In recent years, the pension files include a contribution period of 20 years. The number of returned Moldovan migrants who receive pensions from Italy has increased to about 6 thousand. In order to research this issue, we analyzed the national and international normative framework (Republic of Moldova, Italy, European Union), the implementation of the agreement between Moldova and Italy in the social security sector (also taking into account the new Moldovan-Italian agreement, signed in Rome on October 31, 2024, the responsibilities of the National Office of Social Insurance of the Republic of Moldova, the official statistics regarding the community of Moldovan citizens in Italy, etc. We conducted in-depth interviews with the representatives of the ACLI Patronat office in Chisinau (Patacli), operators and experts who provided assistance in completing pension files from 2011. For several years, the SIAS Patronat representatives also assisted Moldovan citizens interested in Italian pensions. Highlighted the arguments regarding the growth of Moldovan migrants with pensions from Italy and the estimations for the next years; the changes, the new agreement; the specifics of the current pension dossiers (types of pensions: for the age limit; disability; survivor's pensions); the conditions to have access to the pensions; the specifics of the highest (or lowest) pensions, etc.
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    Explorarea intențiilor de migrație ale studenților din învățământul profesional și superior: analiză comparativă
    (INCE, ASEM, 2024) Crismaru, Mariana
    In the context of demographic decline, which has significantly reduced the number and proportion of young people in the general population, this study aims to estimate the migration intentions of Moldovan students enrolled in secondary and postsecondary vocational schools, as well as higher educational institutions. The research explores the influence of key factors on intentions to emigrate for study, work, or permanent residence abroad. To assess these emigration intentions, data from the sociological study ”Youth Transition to Adulthood in the Context of Prolonged Crises”, conducted between January and February 2023, were used. A sub-sample of 450 young individuals enrolled in vocational and higher education institutions at the time of the study was analyzed. Findings reveal that labor migration is predominant among students, particularly those in secondary technical vocational education. Furthermore, a significant link was found between migration intentions and perceptions of limited future prospects in the country. Notably, students with family members already abroad and those sceptical of Moldova’s economic stability exhibit a stronger inclination to emigrate, viewing migration as a path to improved career opportunities. These findings underscore the need for comprehensive national policies focused on youth retention by aligning educational offerings with labor market demands, fostering an optimistic economic environment, and enhancing intersectoral collaboration across education, labor, and social support systems.
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    Copii vulnerabili în mediul digital: cazul Republicii Moldova
    (INCE, ASEM, 2024) Cheianu-Andrei, Diana
    The speed of information technologies' development and increased accessibility for children is unprecedented in the history of digital innovations. New technologies offer users space for creativity and opportunities for learning, participation, and communication. Children's Internet use increases their skills and risks in the digital environment. Children who experience vulnerabilities offline are also at greater risk when interacting in the digital environment. In this article, the author aimed to identify the specific risks faced by vulnerable children from the Republic of Moldova in the digital environment. The article is based on comparative analysis of diffrent studies done in the Republic of Moldova, the latest one is a research on a national sample of 1412 children from 35 educational institutions within the Data for Impact project, funded by the USAID. The data shows clear evidence that vulnerable children have a higher level of risk in the online environment because it represents, for these children, a space of refuge where they seek communication and understanding. Among the factors that increase the risk level of children in the online environment there were highlighted (i) lack of communication between parents and children or ineffective communication; (ii) tense atmosphere in the family between parents or parents and children; (iii) lack of a reliable person/support for the child; (iv) lack of affection and encouragement of children in the family. All studies research results indicate the need to unify the efforts of different social actors to increase the level of information about the risks to which children are exposed in the digital environment and ensure their protection.
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    Relațiile familiale intergeneraționale în perioada de îngrijire a copiilor și grijă a părinților vârstnici în Republica Moldova
    (INCE, ASEM, 2024) Sainsus, Valeriu
    Intergenerational relations represent a demographic dividend in the context of mutual support between young people, adults and the elderly. In the families of Moldovan society, generational relations have historical roots. The study based on GGS data confirms the consistency of support between family members in different forms: emotional, material, financial, in some places with the involvement of close relatives. Mother-daughter relational support is strong, lasting and mutual over time, the GGS study confirms. Late marriages, divorces, emigration reduce the size of intergenerational support at the stage of reproduction and deep old age.
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    Experiențele și provocările cuplurilor din Republica Moldova care se confruntă cu problema infertilității din perspectiva accesării tratamentelor de reproducere medicală asistată
    (INCE, ASEM, 2024) Chistruga-Sinchevici, Inga
    Infertility is associated with emotional, psychological, and social effects on women and those around them. Medically assisted human reproduction is a timely response to the growing issue of infertility, yet it does not guarantee a solution to this problem. This article presents the results of a qualitative study conducted in September 2024 with 8 experts (reproductive doctors, gynaecologists, representatives from the Ministry of Health, and the Transplant Agency) and 10 women who have undergone medically assisted reproductive treatments. Unlike the treatment of most other medical conditions, assisted reproductive technologies are not accessible to everyone diagnosed with infertility. Thus, financial cost is undeniably the most well-known barrier for couples seeking assisted reproductive medicine. High treatment costs, including consultations, medications, and necessary procedures, can be a significant obstacle for couples with lower incomes. However, there are additional barriers that prevent patients from accessing and/or continuing infertility treatment through assisted reproductive medicine. Common practices among patients who seek assisted reproduction services highlight the complex challenges and decisions involved in treating infertility. Many patients, in particular, delay accessing these services due to social and financial barriers or fear of treatment side effects, thereby missing a higher chance of success at a younger age. Patients may also change treatment centres after experiencing failures, seeking more positive experiences and improved communication. Additionally, receiving treatment abroad, in countries like Ukraine, is common due to perceptions of advanced techniques and high-quality, personalized care. These decisions indicate a continuing need for support and accessibility in fertility treatments.
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    Modele teritoriale în timpul crizelor multiple. Analize empirice privind regiunile NUTS-2 în Uniunea Europeană
    (INCE, ASEM, 2024) Antonescu, Daniela; Florescu, Ioana Cristina
    This paper analyses regional inequality from two standpoints. First, it explores them from an EU-27 perspective by assessing the incidence of economic growth for 242 regions NUTS 2. Using Eurostat data and following both crosssectional and time series approaches (2019-2023), results show that, while regional inequality decreases with growing GDP per capita, regional polarization is more persistent and does not necessarily follow the same rule. The paper also delivers an assessment of sigma-convergence and regional polarization for regions NUTS 2 în European Union, with findings pinpointing the importance of spatial models (which is contributing considerably to regional inequality levels), but also its complementarity with sigma-convergence measures (as regional inequality trajectories are not necessarily associated with spatial models trajectories).
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    Inegalitățile teritoriale în timpul crizelor multiple. Cazul României
    (INCE, ASEM, 2024) Antonescu, Daniela; Florescu, Ioana Cristina
    Analyses of territorial inequalities follow the examination of the differences in specific and general characteristics that regional economies share. Most attention is paid to their relative income and to the way in which they change over the course of time: if inequalities get smaller, convergence or catch-up occurs, and if they get wider, divergence is said to occur. This entry outlines the steps involved in examining regional inequalities and their evolution in times of multiple crises, starting with the definition of suitable territorial entities, the identification of indicators of income and the definition of ways of measuring inequality. The methods are used to outline the degree of regional inequality in Romania and the evolution of disparities in the period 2019-2023. The empirical evidence indicates that regional economies can diverge or converge depending on the relative weight of equalising and unequalising forces. Although attention is concentrated on the geography of the creation of income, it is important to note that this geography is modified by a range of redistribution mechanisms.
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    Coordonate statistice privind îmbătrânirea populației României
    (INCE, ASEM, 2024) Gabor, Vicentiu-Robert; Iftimoaei, Ciprian; Baciu, Ionut-Cristian
    The purpose of this comparative analysis is to show how the structure of Romania's population evolved, in a European context, in the period 1990-2020 and to foreshadow the trends of demographic ageing. Starting from the sociologist and demographer T. Rotariu's contribution to the research of the aging population phenomenon, mentioning other contributions from the specialized literature, we define this phenomenon from a double perspective - demographic and sociological - we present the statistical indicators used to describe the volume, structure and evolution population in the member countries of the European Union. With the help of the ArcGIS Pro cartography software, we created a series of maps to represent the evolution of statistical indicators from 1990-2020. We used the Jenks method to group the data at the spatial level. The age pyramid was used as a demographic tool to represent the evolution of the population structure of the EU-27 Member countries.
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    Анализ напряжённости на рынке труда в Республике Молдова
    (INCE, ASEM, 2024) Savelieva, Galina; Zaharov, Svetlana
    The article presents the results of the research the state of modern labour market as an important factor in ensuring the economic security of the Republic of Moldova. The different factors impact to labour market and change the balance of supply and demand for labour force. In 2023, the employment rate (20- 64 age category) increased by 3.6 p.p. compared to 2022 (55.7% compared to 52.1%). However, the national average employment rate is 43.1 per cent, including lower average employment rates in the Southern (35.8%) and Central zones (38.2%), in rural (36.6%) and among women (39.7%). The complex and systemic approaches, comparative analysis of indicators characterizing the labour market conditions, the graphical method and the Beveridge curve were used in order to identify problems and assess the tension in labour market. There are the statistical, administrative data and secondary indicators calculated by the authors. The possibility of employment depending on the existence of vacant worked places is determined based on Beveridge curve model. The complicated situation in labour market is a consequence of the discrepancy between labour relations and market mechanism, including legislative-normative and institutional basis, the system of remuneration, and the presence of labour migration. Based on the obtained results the proposals for increasing the employment level of working age population were elaborated, including by balancing supply and demand in labour force market.
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    Latent patterns of Transition to Adulthood in Moldova gender-to-gender, generation-to-generation
    (INCE, 2024) Slav, Maxim
    The Transition to Adulthood (TA) patterns are sometimes classified into two broad categories: modern and traditional (Billari & Liefbroer, 2010). This classification is usually confirmed by the research of trends of the age of transition events: the first childbirth, the first marriage, the first employment, etc. In this paper, I try to do such classification for the Moldovan 1941 – 1985 birth cohorts. I apply the Latent Profile Analysis to the Gender and Generation Survey of 2020 to cluster by the means and variance of the events and their covariances. To account for the powerful crisis that happened in 1990, I use two cohort subsamples; to account for the differences between gender’s transition to adulthood, I also divide between men and women. I find three profiles for three subsamples and four profiles for the 1941 – 1956 male cohort. In every subsample, there is a group with a clearly traditional timing of events. The “more modern” patterns of transition to adulthood are more difficult to classify.
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    Demographic window of opportunity, first and second demographic dividends: evidence from the world
    (INCE, ASEM, 2024) Soldan, Elena
    Current trends in population age composition led to increased interest in the potential economic impact of these trends. “The demographic window of opportunity” and “demographic dividend” present the two phenomena that address these concerns from an optimistic viewpoint. Over a certain period, a particular configuration of the population’s age structure when the working-age population predominates - the “demographic window of opportunity”- can create incentives for economic development, thus obtaining the demographic dividend. This paper aims to compare the demographic window of opportunity period and demographic dividend manifestation in selected countries from various parts of the world. The growth rate of support ratio was used to identify the demographic window of opportunity. The methodology for estimating the demographic dividend is that proposed by the NTA project. In addition, within NTA methodology, it is possible to capture both accounting and productivity aspects of the impact of the population by age group and differentiate the demographic dividend into the first and second demographic dividend. Hence, although manifested in an ageing population, certain economic behaviours, such as increasing savings and investments, can positively influence economic development, thus obtaining the second demographic dividend. This article presents evidence from selected countries on the demographic window of opportunity period as well as the first and second demographic dividends. It concludes by underlying the importance the demographic window of opportunity concept for the demographic dividend analysis.